Abstract: The acceleration of digitization process in various fields has led to an explosive growth in data volume. Meanwhile, the huge derivative value of massive data makes it a strategic basic resource in digital economy era. The resulting “data war” has made data monopoly inevitable. Data oligarchies control massive amounts of data. This paper takes the mobile internet as an example to study the status of data monopoly and experimental results indicate the top 10% of data collectors have held 99% of the data. The aggregation characteristics of data itself, the business model of large companies covering various digital fields and their huge number of users are all potential causes of data monopoly. Data monopoly may lead to many problems, such as free competition market barriers, consumer welfare damage, information security and personal privacy risk. In order to solve these problems, there are mainly three types of governance schemes: partial mode, intermediary mode and global mode. The three schemes respectively act on different stages of the data life cycle, and govern data centralization phenomenon by weakening data control of collectors to different extents.

Key words: big data privacy, data monopoly, data governance, data collector, the China privacy risk index

摘要： 各领域数字化进程的加速使得数据量呈现爆炸式增长，海量数据蕴藏的巨大衍生价值使其成为数字经济时代的战略性基础资源.由此引发的“数据争夺”和数据积累差异逐渐导致了数据垄断现象，数据寡头持有并控制海量数据.以移动互联网为例探讨数据垄断现状，研究结果显示前10%数据收集者获取了99%的数据.数据本身易聚集的特性、大公司覆盖各数字化领域的商业模式及其庞大的用户规模均是数据垄断现象的潜在成因.针对数据垄断产生的自由竞争市场壁垒、消费者福利受损、信息安全和个人隐私风险、行业技术创新受阻等问题，目前主要有局部模式、中介模式、全局模式3类治理方案，这3类模式分别作用于数据生命周期不同阶段，通过不同程度地削弱数据寡头的数据控制权来对数据垄断现象加以控制.

关键词: 大数据隐私, 数据垄断, 数据治理, 数据收集者, 中国隐私风险指数