Abstract: The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), while offering minors diverse opportunities in education, entertainment, and social interaction. However, it has simultaneously catalyzed a range of complex new victimization risks. These include deepfake identity fraud, virtual sexual exploitation, cyberbullying, internet addiction, misinformation and fraud, algorithmic discrimination, and privacy breaches. Traditional governance models are inadequate to fully address these emerging threats. Through a comparative analysis of legal policies and governance practices across different countries and regions, this study identifies distinct approaches: the European Union emphasizes rights-based orientations and platform accountability, the United States prioritizes interstate innovation and flexible regulation, while China focuses on institutional development and educational guidance. These differences reflect varied governance traditions and offer valuable insights for international mutual learning and cooperation. Consequently, this paper proposes five pathways for protecting minors online in the AI era: Firstly, innovating legal policies to provide agile responses to novel AI risks. Secondly, fostering home-school collaborative education to enhance minors' digital literacy. Thirdly, leveraging technological innovation to promote safe and user-friendly AI interaction design. Fourthly, strengthening platform governance and supervision through targeted rectification of the online environment. Fifthly, facilitating the integration of government, industry, academia, and research to enable multi-stakeholder participation in comprehensive governance. This research aims to provide academic support and policy implications for the theoretical construction and practical pathways of the protection of minors in the AI era, ultimately contributing to the creation of a safe, healthy, and inclusive digital ecosystem for minors.

Key words: minors, online protection, artificial intelligence, risks

摘要： 随着人工智能的快速发展在为未成年人提供教育、娱乐与社交等多元机遇的同时，也催生并加剧了深度伪造身份、虚拟性侵害、网络欺凌、网络成瘾、虚假信息欺诈、算法歧视及隐私泄露等复杂的新型被害风险，传统的治理模式难以完全有效地回应。通过对比不同国家和地区的法律政策和治理实践发现：欧盟注重权利导向与平台责任，美国强调州际创新与灵活监管，中国则突出制度建设与教育引导。这些差异既反映了不同的治理传统，也为国际互鉴与合作提供了有益经验。基于此，本文提出人工智能时代未成年人网络保护的五条路径：一是法律政策革新，敏捷回应新型AI风险；二是家校协同教育，提升未成年人数字素养；三是技术创新赋能，推动安全友好的AI交互设计；四是平台治理监督，开展网络环境的专项整治；五是政产学研融合，多主体参与综合治理。以期为人工智能时代未成年人网络保护的理论建构与实践路径提供学术支撑与政策启示，为未成年人构筑安全、健康、包容的数字生态。

关键词: 未成年人, 网络保护, 人工智能, 风险