Abstract: Data collection and traceability of critical equipment such as critical infrastructure and special equipment needs to be carried out throughout the life cycle of scientific production, registration, distribution, transfer, maintenance and destruction. Currently, most critical equipment data is stored in systems such as government agencies, users, warehouses, and scientific research and production units, which can easily lead to redundancy and ambiguity of critical equipment data between different departments. This paper focuses on the safety and traceability problem of critical equipment such as critical infrastructure and special equipment, proposing a data acquisition traceability system based on the combination of blockchain and RFID. The system is designed and implemented using key technologies such as unique identification of RFID hardware devices , zero storage and smart contract, constructing a chain of critical device data records that cannot be tampered with. The system can enable real-time sharing, traceability and audit oversight of critical equipment data, which in turn enables production, usage, and regulatory authorities to monitor the full lifecycle status of critical equipment in real time. Finally, critical operations can be traceable and important data can be protected, security and traceability requirement for critical data can be met. In addition, the system is designed and implemented using RFID equipment modified from domestic chips and adaptive audit software developed independently, which greatly improves the degree of autonomy and control of the software and hardware in this system.

Key words: blockchain, RFID, data collection, data traceability, autonomous and controllable?

摘要： 关键基础设施、特种装备等关键设备的数据采集和溯源需要贯穿科研生产、登记、分发、调拨、维修以及销毁等全生命周期过程．目前，大多数关键设备数据一般存储在政府机构、用户、仓库和科研生产单位等系统中，容易导致关键设备数据在各部门间的信息冗余和歧义．本文针对关键基础设施、特种装备等关键设备的安全溯源问题，提出了一种基于区块链和RFID结合的数据采集溯源系统，设计采用RFID硬件设备唯一标识、零存储、智能合约等关键技术，构造不可篡改的关键设备数据记录链，实现关键设备数据的实时共享、追踪溯源和审计监管，进而使生产部门、使用部门和监管部门能够实时监控关键设备全生命周期状态，最终达到关键操作可追溯、重要数据有保护的安全性和可追溯性要求．此外，本系统的设计与实现采用由国产芯片改造而成的RFID设备和自主研发的适配审计软件，极大提高该数据采集溯源系统软硬件自主可控程度．

关键词: 区块链, RFID, 数据采集, 数据溯源, 自主可控