Journal of Information Security Reserach ›› 2024, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (7): 594-.

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A Review of Hardware Accelerated Research on Zeroknowledge Proofs

Xie Mingdong1, Hao Meng1, Yang Hongwei1, He Hui1, and Zhang Weizhe1,2,3   

  1. 1(School of Cyberspace Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001)
    2(School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055)
    3(Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055)

  • Online:2024-07-14 Published:2024-07-18

零知识证明硬件加速研究综述

谢明东1郝萌1杨洪伟1何慧1张伟哲1,2,3   

  1. 1(哈尔滨工业大学网络空间安全学院哈尔滨150001)
    2(哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)计算机科学与技术学院广东深圳518055)
    3(鹏城实验室新型网络研究部广东深圳518055)
  • 通讯作者: 郝萌 博士,讲师.主要研究方向为高性能计算、并行应用性能优化. haomeng@hit.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:谢明东 博士研究生.主要研究方向为高性能计算、大数据安全. goldenpotato137@gmail.com 郝萌 博士,讲师.主要研究方向为高性能计算、并行应用性能优化. haomeng@hit.edu.cn 杨洪伟 博士,助理研究员.主要研究方向为数据挖掘、隐私计算、网络空间安全. yanghongwei@hit.edu.cn 何慧 博士,教授.主要研究方向为云计算、数据安全与隐私保护、网络空间安全. hehui@hit.edu.cn 张伟哲 博士,教授.主要研究方向为网络空间安全、数据安全、高性能计算. wzzhang@hit.edu.cn

Abstract: ZeroKnowledge Proofs (ZKP) are cryptographic protocols that allow a prover to demonstrate the correctness of a statement to a verifier without revealing any additional information. This article primarily introduces research on the acceleration of zeroknowledge proofs, with a particular focus on ZKPs based on Quadratic Arithmetic Programs (QAP) and Inner Product Proofs (IPA). Studies have shown that the computational efficiency of zeroknowledge proofs can be significantly improved through hardware acceleration technologies, including the use of GPUs, ASICs, and FPGAs. Firstly, the article introduces the definition and classification of zeroknowledge proofs, as well as the difficulties encountered in its current application. Secondly, this article  discusses in detail the acceleration methods of different hardware systems, their implementation principles, and their performance improvements over traditional CPUs. For example, cuZK and GZKP utilize GPUs to perform Multiscalar Multiplication (MSM) and Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), while PipeZK, PipeMSM, and BSTMSM accelerate these computational processes through ASICs and FPGAs. Additionally, the article mentions applications of zeroknowledge proofs in blockchain for concealing transaction details, such as the private transactions in ZCash. Lastly, the article proposes future research directions, including accelerating more types of ZKPs and applying hardware acceleration to practical scenarios to resolve issues of inefficiency and promote the widespread application of zeroknowledge proof technology.

Key words: zeroknowledge proofs, hardware accelerated computing, parallel computing, cryptographic protocols, blockchain privacy

摘要: 零知识证明(zeroknowledge proofs, ZKP)是一种允许证明者向验证者证明某一陈述正确性而无需泄露任何其他信息的密码学协议.主要介绍了零知识证明的加速研究,尤其关注了基于二次算术程序(QAP quadratic arithmetic program)和内积证明(inner product argument, IPA)的ZKP.研究表明,零知识证明的计算效率可以通过硬件加速技术显著提高,包括使用GPU,ASIC,FPGA等.首先介绍了零知识证明的定义与分类及目前零知识证明应用所遇到的困难.其次详细讨论了不同硬件系统的加速方法、实现原理及其相对于传统CPU的性能提升.例如,cuZK和GZKP利用GPU实现了多标量乘法(multiscalar multiplication, MSM)和数论变换(number theoretic transform, NTT),而PipeZK,PipeMSM,BSTMSM则通过ASIC和FPGA加速这些计算过程.此外,也提到了零知识证明在区块链中隐藏交易细节等方面的应用案例,如ZCash的隐秘交易.最后,提出了未来研究的方向,包括加速更多类型的ZKP和将硬件加速应用到实际的应用场景中,以解决效率低下问题,推动零知识证明技术的广泛应用.

关键词: 零知识证明, 硬件加速计算, 并行计算, 密码学协议, 区块链隐私

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