指纹识别技术综述

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 人类社会很早就对指纹产生了兴趣.现代意义的指纹识别技术则发端于Galton等人的研究，并首先应用并普及于刑事侦破领域.20世纪90年代以后逐渐应用到其他商用领域.近几年，指纹识别技术应用到智能手机上，成为支持手机解锁、在线支付的重要基础技术.在未来，基于FIDO等协议，指纹识别等生物特征识别技术将全面取代现有的密码体系.在指纹识别算法上，最初是对指纹分类技术的研究，以提高指纹档案检索的效率.目前主流的指纹识别算法则基于指纹纹线的端点、分叉点等细节特征.随着指纹识别技术在移动设备的应用，指纹采集芯片的尺寸日益小型化，基于汗孔、纹线形状等3级特征的识别算法受到日益重视.在指纹采集技术上，首先出现的是油墨捺印方法.油墨捺印的指纹卡片通过扫描方式数字化后进行存储和后续处理.20世纪70年代以后，光学式指纹采集技术的出现和普及促进了指纹的现场快速采集和验证.移动设备上的应用则促进了小尺寸超薄指纹采集技术的快速发展.

关键词: 指纹识别, 指纹纹型, 细节点, 3级特征, 光学指纹采集器, 固态指纹传感器, 电容式指纹传感器, FIDO协议

Abstract: Human society shows great interest in fingerprint at early times, but modern fingerprint recognition technology originated at the time of Galtons research, and used in criminal investigation at first. Since 1990s, fingerprint recognition begun to find its application in other commercial areas. In recent years, fingerprint recognition appears on mobile phone, and acts as an important method for screen unlocking and online payment. In the future, biometrics method, including fingerprint recognition, may replace current password system. For fingerprint recognition algorithm, classification is studied at first to improve the speed for fingerprint archives searching. Most algorithms today focus on matching the minutiae, including ridge ending and bifurcation. As the popularization of fingerprint recognition on mobile devices, the area of fingerprint sensor becomes smaller and smaller, matching technology based on third level features such as sweat pore and ridge shape gains more attentions. For fingerprint sensing, the first appeared method is pressing by ink. Fingerprint cards with inkpressed fingerprint is then digitized by scanner for computer storage and processing. From 1970s, the appearance and popularization of optical fingerprint sensing boost the quick and onsite image capturing and verification. Applications on mobile devices s the rapid progress of small size fingerprint sensor.

Key words: fingerprint recognition, fingerprint type, minutiae, third level feature, optical fingerprint sensor, solid fingerprint sensor, capacitive fingerprint sensor, FIDO

王曙光. 指纹识别技术综述[J]. 信息安全研究, 2016, 2(4): 343-355.

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